identify the problem,
define desired outcomes,
evaluate the consequences of potential policy choices and finally, >make the most rational decision to maximize beneficial outcomes…
2) Bureaucratic Politics model: Unlike the rational actor model, which looks at the state as a unitary actor, the bureaucratic politics model analyzes decisions on the premise that actions are taken by a number of independent, competing entities within a particular state..
Separate entities vying for ultimate decision: Each of these separate entities brings values to the decision-making process, as well as its own view of what’s best for personal, organizational and national interests.
Outcome is contingent upon successful negotiations and arrival at a consensus.
Factors affecting the bureaucratic politics model:
1) Relative power
2) Influence of one group over other and vice versa.
3)Consession of one actor leads to the benefit of other actor that has more say in the policy decision.
Positive and negative sides of BPT:
The bureaucratic politics approach is often touted as an explanation as to why states sometimes act irrationally. However, some argue the model doesn’t account enough for highly concentrated power held by certain entities, such as the executive branch in U.S. governance. It is also seen as very U.S.-centric and difficult to apply in the context of other styles of government..
3)ORGANIZATION PROCESS THEORY:
In contrast to the two aforementioned approaches, the organizational process model views government as a mix of powerful organizations working in concert rather than an individual or a group of partisan entities. This model examines foreign policy decisions as made within the rigid strictures of bureaucracy, where actions may only be taken with proper authorization and adherence to the chain of command, respecting established processes and standard operating procedures, or SOP. Here, government leaders don’t tackle the broader scope of a crisis but instead delegate smaller facets of the issue to committees, departments and other bureaucratic entities supporting the government…
MERITS:
applying this model has the potential to streamline decision making with the establishment of standard protocol for certain circumstances with predictable, measurable outcomes..
the organizational process model anticipates the measured pace of bureaucratic practices and seeks to create protocol that can be readily applied in the event of a crisis…
Demerits of this theory of FP:
That this model limits individuals’ ability to act, which results in reduced insight and a lack of alternative perspectives..
Overall, flexibility of organization
INTERBRANCH POLITICS MODEL:
The inter-branch politics model is similar to the organizational and bureaucratic process models in that it involves separately defined groups or entities. However, rather than focusing on singular goals and outcomes, the inter-branch politics model evaluates actions and their outcomes based on the combined efforts and cohesiveness of different groups and their progress toward achieving collective goals..