Criminology Theoretical perspectives:
PRECLASSOCAL: DEMONOOGY AND EVIL SPIRITS ARE CAUSE OF CRIME
CLASSICAL( JEREMY BENTHAM AND CESSARA BECCARA) (FREE WILL AND PUNISHMENT SHOULD BE PROPORTIONAL)
POSTIVIST
1) BIOLOGICAL ( CISSER LAMBROSO ITALIAN PHILOSOPHER WHO WORKED ON HUMAN CADAVERS CONSCLUDING ON THREE BASIC POSTULATES
1)AATVISM
2) PHRENOLOGY
3) PHYSIONGNOMY
PSYCOLOGICAL
1) PSYCHODYNAMIC (SIGMUND FREUD), ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER, IMPULSIVITY, COGNITIVE THEORY..
SOCIOLOGICAL
1) SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY ( SHAW and MACKEY)
a) low Socioeconomic Status ( Poverty is the mother of crime) Marcus Aurelius
B) Racial heterogeniety.
C) Residential Mobility.
Relative studies and examples::…..
Criticism…..
2) STRAIN THEORY ( Work of Emile Durkhiem) and Forwarded by ( Merton and Cohen)
Devience is an act that defies moral code of a society..
According to this theory society squeezes people into doing crimes because of its push.. There are five ways in which people adopt to the demands( Social Goals) of the society by certain institutionalized means…
1) Confirmity (Goals A Means A)
2) Innovation ( Goals A Means R)
3) Ritualiam ( Goal R Means A)
4) Retreatism ( Goals R Means A) They have got no goals and no Means.
5) Rebellion ( Most criminals).
Case Studies…..
Criticism of the Theory ::
3) LABELING THEORY ( Seeks inspiration from Emile Durkhiem)
Howard BECKER. ( prominent in 1960s and 70s)
People tend to identify themselves the way they are being held by the society..
PRIMARY DEVIANCE( Someone caught in committing minor crime like pitty theft) >>>>>>Labelling >>>>>>>>>>>Self Fulfilling Prophecy >>>Secondary Deviance
APPLICATIONS
1)It focuses on Juvenile cases ( not to incarcerate them on minor offense so that they are not labeled as Criminals).
2)It Promotes Probation and Parole..
Examples and Case Studies ::
Case Studies and Examples :………
CRITICISM ::
4: SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY
Based on ideas of Edward a Ross
Advanced by Albert j. Reus and Jackson Toby.
This theory posits that socialization results in self control.
This self control deters criminal activity..
Types of Controls :
1) Direct. ( family, parents)
2) Indirect. (social groups, social institutions)
3) Internal. ( Religion, conscience)
4) Need Satisfaction. ( Basic needs are satisfied by the gov. in place to minimize the criminal eventuality)
Social Bond Theory is a sub part of Social Control Theory which was presented by Trevis Hirchi
How a person forms bonds with society :
1) Attachment (Family friends relations)
2) Commitment (Job, competition etc)
3) Belief (Religion, Faith)
4) Involvement( Social movement, politics etc etc)
5)SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY ::
EDAWARD SUTHERLAND
Learning is not purely a behviour rather cognitive process
Steps involved in learning a Criminal behavior:
1) Attention >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
2) Retention >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
3) Reproduction >>>>>>>>>>>>
4)Motivation
Most prominent application of social learning Theory :
1) Juvenile
2) Peer group
3) White Collar Crime
CASE-STUDIES……
CRITICISM…..
Islamic perspective of Criminology :
Main puroose: Harmony and Justice in the society
Main source of Criminal law is Shariah, it’s Devine law of God..
Main parts
1) Hadood (a. Crimes that are considered against God) (b. Thesw are the crimes are violation of ”natural law” as interpreted within the culture of the Islamic State) (c. These crimes are penalized by the community and are punishable by fixed penalties as required by the Quran and Sunnah)
Hadood Offences
A Fornication
B Adultery
C Theft
D Drinking of Alcohol
E Roberry
F Unfounded accusation of Zina
G Banditary
H Apostasy
2) Qisas ( In islmaic law it’s commision of crime against individual) ( Its inflicting on the culprits exactly the same injury he/she inflicted upon his/her victim)( the right of retribution or compensation lies in victim or in case of homicide the victim next kin) ( Two types of crimes come under Qisas and Diyyat i-e Homocide and Battery)
3) TAZIR (Penalties inflicted on people by the discretion of ruler or Qazi) ( as they are not mentioned in the Quran or Sunnah)
Salient features of Islamic Law:
1) Everyone is equal before law no differentiation between gender, caste, creed, age etc
2) It stipulates harsh punishment so that It becomes example for others with criminal tendency.
3) No rule for imprisonment as Islam looks down upon the approach
4) Encourages pardon and promises better life in afterlife
5) Key Focus on deterrent capacity.